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Moral Philosophy · cached · Introduction to ethics, with links to other articles at the IEP.
Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich · cached · 18th century German philosopher, famous for effective criticism of Kant.
Just War Theory · cached · Some of those who have attempted to justify war include Aquinas, Grotius, and Pufendorf.
Positivism, Legal · cached · Theory that law is manufactured according to certain social conventions.
Leucippus · cached · 5th century BCE founder of atomism.
Locke, John · cached · Article on the life and work of the influential philosopher.
Lombard, Peter · cached · French scholastic theologian of the 12th century, influenced by Abelard.
Lotze, Rudolf Hermann · cached · 19th century German philosopher who criticised the pantheism of Hegel.
Lucretius · cached · Roman poet and advocate of Epicurean philosophy.
Menippus · cached · Third century BCE Greek philosopher and satirist.
Mill, John Stuart · cached · 19th leader and prophet of utilitarianism, heir to the Hume-Bentham line, and influential force in modern political theory. Author of On Liberty (1859), and Utilitarianism (1863).
Moral Luck · cached · Andrew Latus, St. Francis Xavier University, summarizes the discussion between Thomas Nagel and Bernard Williams on the question: Can luck ever make a moral difference?
Natural Law · cached · Standards that govern human behavior objectively derived from the nature of human beings.
Natural Theology · cached · Used in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to describe knowledge of God drawn from nature.
Neoplatonism · cached · The revival of Greek philosophy in 3rd century BCE, led by Plotinus and his disciple, Porphyry. Influenced by both Pythagoras and Plato.
Ockham, William of · cached · Detailed biography of the 14th century Franciscan.
Origen · cached · Father of the early Church, born around 182.
Solipsism · cached · The doctrine of the solipsist is that existence means my existence and that of my mental states.
Paley, William · cached · 18th century British theologian.
Parmenides · cached · Greek philosopher and poet.
Peripatetics · cached · Brief history of the Peripatetic doctrines.
Plotinus · cached · 3rd century CE founder of Neo-Platonism.
Poincaré, Jules Henri · cached · 19th century French philosopher of science.
Prodicus · cached · 5th century BCE sophist, possibly a mentor of Socrates
Protagoras · cached · Early Greek sophist.
Pyrrho · cached · 4th century BCE founder of the Greek school of skepticism.
Pythagoras · cached · The 6th century BCE philosopher.
Reichenbach, Hans · cached · Leading German philosopher of science, and logical positivist.
Renaissance · cached · Brief article on the transition between Middle Ages and modernity.
Roman Philosophy · cached · Short introduction to Roman philosophy from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Shaftesbury, Earl of · cached · Patron of John Locke
Shpet, Gustav · cached · Leading proponent of Russian transcendental phenomenology.
Skepticism, Ancient Greek · cached · A description of skepticism in Ancient Greece, led by Pyrrho.
Skepticism, Contemporary · cached · Introduction to the current discussion of skepticism.
Solovyov, Vladimir · cached · 19th century Russian philosopher.
Sophists · cached · Teachers of philosophy in Ancient Greece, including Protagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus and Hippias.
Spinoza, Benedict · cached · 17th century pantheist, critic of Descartes.
Stephen, Leslie · cached · 19th century British academic.
Stilpo · cached · 4th century BCE member of the Megarean school.
Stirling, James Hutchison · cached · 19th century British Idealist, Hegelian academic.
Stoicism · cached · Description of the system of ethics, popular in Ancient Greece, which has physics as its foundation.
Symposium · cached · Drinking-parties in Ancient Greece where the guests reclined on couches, and were crowned with garlands of flowers.
Synderesis · cached · Scholastic philosophy describes this as the principle in moral consciousness which directs an agent to good.
Thales · cached · Detailed biographical essay on the Ancient Greek philosopher.
Theophrastus · cached · Philosopher of the Peripatetic school, successor to Aristotle at the Lyceum.
Time · cached · Long article about questions of time discussed throughout the history of philosophy.
Timon · cached · 3rd century BCE disciple of Pyrrho.
Vienna Circle · cached · Organised the development of logical positivism in the 1920s. Included Carnap, Feigl, Frank, Gödel, Hahn, Kraft, Neurath, Waismann. Popper and Wittgenstein also had association with the Vienna Circle.
Virtue Theory · cached · View that morality is the development of or virtues.
Voluntarism · cached · Theory that God or the ultimate nature of reality is conceived as some form of will.
Warburton, William · cached · 18th century Church of England bishop, and critic of the Deists.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig · cached · Detailed essay on the life and work of the 20th century philosopher.
Xenophanes · cached · Eleatic school, powerful 6th century BCE critic of polytheism.
Xenophon · cached · Pupil of Socrates, who contributed to the record of his life.
Zeno of Elea · cached · 5th century BCE Eleatic philosopher.
Russell's Paradox · cached · Examines self-referential linguistics used to describe properties and sets.
Truth · cached · Philosophical theories on the nature of truth, by Bradley Dowden and Norman Swartz.
Plato · cached · Biography and description of the philosophy of Plato.
Rights, Human · cached · A treatment of the origins and development of the theory of human rights, with philosophical analysis, justifications, and criticisms.
The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy · iweb · cached · Draws from public domain sources for both its classic philosophical e-texts collection and for portions of some articles. James Fieser, Ph.D., general editor.
Academy · cached · Description of the philosophical institution founded by Plato, which advocated skepticism in succeeding generations.
Active Powers · cached · The capacities of impulse and desire which lead to or determine human action, as described by 18th and 19th century Scottish common sense philosophy.
Aenesidemus · cached · Biography of the 1st century philosopher who defended the ten tropes of skepticism.
Anaxagoras · cached · Greek philosopher born about 500 BCE, responsible for giving philosophy a home at Athens and the first philosopher to introduce a spiritual principle which gives matter life and form.
Anaxarchus · cached · 4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera, from the school of Democritus.
Anaximander · cached · Greek philosopher of Miletus, born 611 BCE who thought it unnecessary to fix upon air, water, or fire as the original and primary form of body.
Anaximenes · cached · 5th century BCE Greek philosopher of Miletus who regarded 'air' as the primary form of body.
Animals and Ethics · cached · Consideration of moral status of non-human animals.
Anselm · cached · 11th century English prelate who developed views of atonement and satisfaction which are still held by orthodox theologians.
Antisthenes · cached · Athenian philosopher and founder of the Cynic sect who was born around 440 BCE.
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274) · cached · Unsigned biographical essay.
Aristippus · cached · Description of the life and teachings of the philosopher Aristippus, founder of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy.
Aristotle · cached · The life and work of the 4th century BCE Greek philosopher.
Augustine · cached · Extensive article on the life and work of the 4th century ecclesiastical author.
Bacon, Francis · cached · 16th century philosopher and politician.
Bakhtin Circle · cached · School of Russian thought centered on the work of Bakhtin which focused on questions of signification in artistic creation.
Beccaria, Cesare · cached · 18th century aristocrat whose work 'On Crimes and Punishments (1764)' inspired reform in the Italian criminal justice system.
Behaviorism · cached · Theory in philosophy of mind which maintains that talk of mental events should be translated into talk about observable behavior.
Bentham, Jeremy · cached · Extensive article on the 18th century 'founder' of utilitarianism.
Berkeley, George · cached · Influential 18th century Irish philosopher.
Berlin Circle · cached · Group of academics who gathered round Hans Reichenbach in late 1920s and later joined up with the Vienna Circle.
Bolingbroke, Henry St. John · cached · 18th century Tory disciple of Locke.
Butler, Joseph · cached · 18th century icon of a highly intellectualized theology.
Caird, Edward · cached · Nineteenth century Scottish philosopher who was one of the key figures of the idealist movement that dominated British philosophy from 1870 until the mid 1920s.
Social Contract Theory · cached · View that morality is based on social agreements that serve the interests of those who make the agreement.
Chrysippus · cached · Prolific stoic of Soli, and disciple of Cleanthes.
Chinese Room Argument · cached · John Searle's thought experiment is one of the best known counters to claims of artificial intelligence.
Carnap, Rudolf · cached · Extensive article about his life and work, by Mauro Murzi.
Capital Punishment · The issue of capital punishment involves determining whether the execution of criminals is ever justified.
Davidson, Donald · cached · Introduction to one of the most significant philosophers concerned with philosophy of mind and action of the 20th/21st century.
Deism, English · cached · Explores the Deism of Hobbes, Locke, Tindal, and the influence of Hume.
Damon · cached · 5th century BCE Pythagorean philosopher of Syracuse.
Cumberland, Richard · cached · 17th century critic of Hobbes and the neo-Platonists.
Cudworth, Ralph · cached · 17th century 'Cambridge Platonist' who fought for preservation of religious ideals, including divine illumination.
Cleanthes · cached · Stoic philosopher of Assus in Lydia, disciple of Zeno of Citium.
Cicero, Marcus Tullius · cached · 1st century BCE Roman orator and philosopher of the New Academy.
Cyrenaics · cached · Description of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy, which flourished from the 5th-3rd centuries BCE. The Cyrenaics were skeptics and hedonists.
Deism, French · cached · Brief historical survey of the development of Deism in France, as espoused by Voltaire, Diderot, and Rousseau.
Democritus · cached · 4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera who expanded the atomic theory of Leucippus.
Demonax · cached · Philosopher of the second century CE. who tried to revive the philosophy of the Cynic School.
Descartes, René · cached · Early modern philosopher who rejected religious authority in the quest for scientific and philosophical knowledge.
Dewey, John · cached · Leading light of the 20th century American school of thought known as pragmatism.
Diderot, Denis · cached · The most prominent of the French Encyclopedists and one of the leaders of the Enlightenment.
Diogenes Laertius · cached · 3rd century biographer of ancient Greek philosophers.
Diogenes of Apollonia · cached · Pupil of Anaximenes and contemporary of Anaxagoras in the 6th cn. BCE.
Diogenes of Sinope · cached · 4th cn. BCE cynic philosopher of Sinope.
Meister Eckhart (1260-1328) · cached · Brief summary from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Eclecticism · cached · Group of ancient philosophers who sought to reach by selection the highest degree of probability in the search for truth.
Egoism, Psychological and Ethical · cached · Maintains that the individual self is the motivating moral force and the end of moral action.
Emanation · cached · The theory that all derived or secondary things flow from the primary.
Empedocles · cached · 5th century BCE philosopher who combined medical study with Orphic mysticism.
Epictetus · cached · Eminent Stoic philosopher, born as a slave at Hieropolis in Phyrgia in 55 CE.
Epicurus · cached · 4th century BCE materialist, empiricist, and hedonist. One of the major philosophers of the Hellenistic period.
Euclides · cached · 4th century BCE native of Megara, and founder of the Megarian or Eristic sect.
Evolution · cached · Introduces evolution through the ages, from the ancient Greeks, through Leibniz and Descartes to Darwin and Spencer.
Ferrier, James Frederick · cached · The earliest absolute idealist in English philosophy.
Fichte, Immanuel Hermann · cached · Aimed to secure a philosophical basis for the personality of God.
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb · cached · One of the major figures in German philosophy in the period between Kant and Hegel.
Freud, Sigmund · cached · Lenghty article on the father of psychoanalysis who is generally recognised as one of the most influential and authoritative thinkers of the twentieth century.
German Idealism · cached · The German reaction to empiricism, including related theories of Kant, Fichte, Hegel and others.
God, Western Concepts of · cached · Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy article on God from Socrates to Nietzsche.
Gorgias · cached · Greek sophist and rhetorician, known as "the Nihilist," born in 483 BCE.
Greek Philosophy · cached · The philosophical currents of Ancient Greek philosophy are introduced, from the Presocratic philosophers through to Proclus.
Hamilton, William · cached · 19th century exponent of the Scottish common-sense philosophy.
Hartmann, Karl Robert Eduard Von · cached · 19th century German philosopher who attempted to combine the idea of Hegel with the will of Schopenhauer in 'spiritual monism.'
Hegelians, St. Louis · cached · 19th century group of amateur American philosophers founded and led by William Torrey Harris.
Helvetius, Claude Adrien · cached · One of the 18th century Encyclopedists who held the skeptical and materialistic views common to that school of philosophy.
Hempel, Carl Gustav · cached · A leading member of logical positivism, the German philosopher died in 1997.
Heraclitus · cached · 5th century BCE. Presocratic Greek philosopher.
Herbert of Cherbury, Edward · cached · 17th century historian, poet (brother of George), and philosopher. Sought to determine the nature and standard of truth, and conditions of knowledge. Precursor of the philosophy of Common Sense.
Hippias · cached · Hippias was a sophist, a contemporary of Socrates, and an enthusiast for universality.
Hobbes, Thomas · cached · 17th century British philosopher. Author of Leviathan (1651).
Hodgson, Shadworth · cached · Follower of Kant, founder of the Aristotelian Society.
Humanism · cached · Brief article on Erasmus and the Italian humanist movement.
Hume, David · cached · Enormously influential 18th century Scottish philosopher. Author of Treatise of Human Nature (1739-1740).
Husserl, Edmund · cached · Leader of the German phenomenological movement.
Thomas Henry Huxley · cached · Brief biography of Thomas Henry Huxley, inventor of the term agnosticism
Identity Theory · cached · Form of monistic materialism which maintains that mental states and brain activities are identical.
Interventionism · cached · Examines the nature and justifications of interfering with another polity or choices made by individuals.
Hölderlin, Johann Christian Friedrich · cached · Examines the poet's role in the development of German Idealism.
Encyclopedists · cached · Group of French philosophers and men of letters who collaborated in the production of the famous Encyclopedie.
Stoic Philosophy of Mind · cached · Description of the philosophy of Mind of the Stoics, including the relationship between mind and body, perception, action-theory, and emotion.
Rousseau, Jean Jacques · cached · 18th century French author of the Social Contract, influential during the French Revolution.

Last updated 2008-03-22 21:05:44 PT

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